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Orangeburg, also known as "The Garden City," is the principal city in and the county seat of Orangeburg County, South Carolina, United States.〔(【引用サイトリンク】accessdate=2011-06-07 )〕 The population of the greater city is 67,326. The city is located 37 miles southeast of Columbia, on the north fork of the Edisto River in the Piedmont area. The city is enlivened by yearly additions of college students at two major universities. Claflin University in 2014 was ranked as the best liberal arts college in the state and the top HBCU in the country by ''Washington Monthly.''〔("Claflin University Receives Top State HBCU Ranking by Washington Monthly" ), Claflin University, 28 August 2014〕 South Carolina State University is noted for having the only undergraduate nuclear engineering program in the state, and the only masters of science degree in transportation in the state. In 1998 the university was designated by the U.S. Congress and the USDOT as one of 33 University Transportation Centers in the nation and the only one in the state. ==History== European settlement in this area started in 1704 when George Sterling set up a post here for fur trade with Indians. To encourage settlement, the General Assembly of the Province of South Carolina in 1730 organized the area as a township, naming it Orangeburg for William IV, Prince of Orange, the son-in-law of King George II of England. In 1735, a colony of 200 Swiss, German and Dutch immigrants formed a community near the banks of the North Edisto River. The site was attractive because of the fertile soil and the abundance of wildlife. The river provided the all-important transportation waterway to the port of Charleston on the Atlantic coast for the area's agriculture and lumber products, and for shipping goods upriver. The town soon became a well-established and successful colony, composed chiefly of small yeomen farmers. Orangeburg's first church was established by a German Lutheran congregation. It later identified as an Anglican Church, which was the established church and exempt from colonial taxation. The church building was erected prior to 1763 in the center of the village; it was destroyed by fighting during the Revolutionary War. A new church was built; during the Civil War, it was used as a smallpox hospital by General William Tecumseh Sherman on his march through with Union forces. After the American Revolution, the character of the county changed dramatically. Invention by Eli Whitney of a mass-produced cotton gin for processing short-staple or "green seed" cotton made this type of cotton profitable. It was easily grown in the upland areas, and the county was rapidly developed into large cotton plantations. Agricultural labor was provided by enslaved African Americans, many brought into the area in a forced migration from the coastal areas or the Upper South via the domestic slave trade. Slaves became the majority of population in the county and city. Freed after the Civil War, blacks began to gain educations, and two colleges were established in the city, the second designated as a land grant institution for all black students in the state under segregation. Blacks were also subject to Jim Crow laws passed by the white-dominated state legislature; they were deprived of their ability to vote by South Carolina's disenfranchising constitution passed at the turn of the 20th century, which erected barriers to voter registration. Efforts by blacks to regain civil rights increased in the postwar period after World War II. In the 1960s, Orangeburg was a major center of Civil Rights Movement activities by students from both Claflin College and South Carolina State College as well as black residents of the city. After the US Supreme Court ruling in ''Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954) declaring segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional, local blacks sought integration of local schools in 1956. Whites retaliated economically, sometimes firing activists or evicting them from rental housing. College students came to their support with hunger strikes, boycotts, and mass marches. In 1960, over 400 students were arrested on sit-ins and integration marches organized by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). In August 1963, the Orangeburg Freedom Movement (OFM), chaired by Dr. Harlowe Caldwell of the NAACP, submitted 10 pro-integration demands to the Orangeburg Mayor and City Council. After negotiations failed, mass demonstrations similar to those in the Birmingham campaign in Alabama resulted in more than 1,300 arrests. Local efforts to end segregation in public places continued, particularly after Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. On February 8, 1968, after days of protests against a segregated bowling alley, violence broke out near the bowling alley as police attacked Black students from South Carolina State. Police opened fire on a crowd of students, killing Samuel Hammond, Henry Smith, and Delano Middleton, and wounding 27 others in what became known as the "Orangeburg Massacre".〔("History & Timeline" ), Civil Rights Movement Veterans〕 In May 2000, the city created the Orangeburg County Community of Character initiative. It is a collaborative effort in community development by the Downtown Orangeburg Revitalization Association (DORA), ''The Times and Democrat'' newspaper, the Orangeburg County Chamber of Commerce, and the Orangeburg County Development Commission.〔“Our Mission” in the Orangeburg County Community of Character website online at http://www.orangeburgcharacter.com/about/about-us/mission.〕 In 2005, the National Civic League awarded Orangeburg County the coveted All-America City Award (which can also be awarded to a county), which recognizes and encourages civic excellence. It honors communities in which citizens, government, businesses, and non-profit organizations demonstrate successful resolution of critical community issues.〔“County Wins All-America City Award” in the ''Times and Democrat'', June 27, 2005 online at http://thetandd.com/news/county-wins-all-america-city-award/article_e3295920-514a-530c-bf04-ae16ffe44e7d.html.〕 In 2007, Orangeburg hosted the first Democratic U.S. presidential candidate debate of the campaign season at Martin Luther King Jr. Auditorium on the campus of South Carolina State University; the future president, Senator Barack Obama, was one of the debaters. All-Star Triangle Bowl, Amelia Street Historic District, F.H.W. Briggman House, Donald Bruce House, Claflin College Historic District, Dixie Library Building, Dukes Gymnasium, East Russell Street Area Historic District, Ellis Avenue Historic District, Enterprise Cotton Mills Building, Maj. John Hammond Fordham House, Great Branch Teacherage, Hodge Hall, Hotel Eutaw, Lowman Hall, South Carolina State College, Alan Mack Site (38OR67), Mt. Pisgah Baptist Church, Orangeburg City Cemetery, Orangeburg County Fair Main Exhibit Building, Orangeburg County Jail, Orangeburg Downtown Historic District, South Carolina State College Historic District, William P. Stroman House, Tingley Memorial Hall, Claflin College, Treadwell Street Historic District, Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church, White House United Methodist Church, Whitman Street Area Historic District, and Williams Chapel A.M.E. Church are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Orangeburg, South Carolina」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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